Review Of Clinical Pharmacology Discussion
Pharmacodynamics
Omeprazole is a gastrointestinal system drug used to treat various conditions such as H. pylori, duodenal and gastric ulcers, dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and erosive esophagitis in different amounts (Kim et al., 2020). It is an inhibitory drug that suppresses gastric acid production by inhibiting the proton pump and the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphates (ATP enzyme) located on the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. The drug interferes with the cell function by inhibiting the movement of substances in and out of the cell hence decreasing gastric acid production Review Of Clinical Pharmacology Discussion.
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Pharmacokinetics
Omeprazole is vulnerable to stomach acid hence the need for buffering/ coating for protection from gastric acid when taken orally. After a single oral dose, the drug is quickly absorbed and reaches peak plasma concentrations within an hour. The volume of the distribution corresponds to the importance of extracellular water (0.3l/kg). The drug has a short half-life of about one hour, and plasma levels reduce significantly within 3-4 hours. Omeprazole is metabolized in the liver into inactive metabolites, sulphone, and hydroxy omeprazole. The drug is excreted primarily in urine and some in bile (Chen et al., 2018). Coating the medication with hard gelatin decreases the release, reaching peak concentrations between 1-3 hours. The bioavailability after a single dose is 35% but increases to around sixty percent with repeated doses Review Of Clinical Pharmacology Discussion.
Omeprazole interacts with the cytochrome P-450 enzymes hence interfering with the metabolism of other drugs such as diazepam and phenytoin. The effects are a prolonged drug half-life, high plasma levels, and potential drug toxicity when drug clearance is affected. Shah and Gossman (2019) note that the drug has severe interactions with other medications, such as erlotinib, an anti-cancer agent common in pancreatic cancer management. Omeprazole is found in breastmilk; hence it is used with caution for lactating mothers. Therapy may be considered when the mother is taking high doses of omeprazole Review Of Clinical Pharmacology Discussion.
Patient Education
Patients should understand the drug’s action, side effects, and interaction with other medications for collaboration and better outcomes. Other issues such as drug dose adjustment for existing medications should be discussed with the patients. Omeprazole’s side effects are diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, flatulence, constipation, and heartburn (Shah & Gossman, 2019). The patient should report if these symptoms persist for more than three days. Prolonged use of over one year may cause cyanocobalamin and magnesium and osteoporosis. The healthcare provider should also educate the patient on drug interactions regarding any patient’s underlying healthcare condition.
References
Chen, K., Luo, P., Yang, G., Zhu, S., Deng, C., Ding, J., Lin, Y., Zhu, L., & Pei, Q. (2022). Population pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in obese and normal-weight adults. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology (just-accepted)Review Of Clinical Pharmacology Discussion. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2022.2075343
Kim, W. K., Cho, H. H., Lee, G. W., Jeong, Y. W., Kim, J. S., Bucciarelli, A., Song, J. E., & Khang, G. (2020). Alleviated side effects and improved efficiency of omeprazole using oral thin film: In vitro evaluation. Macromolecular Research, 28(5), 417-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-020-8060-x
Shah, N., & Gossman, W. (2022). Omeprazole. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Review Of Clinical Pharmacology Discussion
