Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Asthma Essay
The following is a study guide that I need help completing. Some items are informational only and need no answer….please feel free to add a rationale to it if you feel it will help. Other items need an explanation or answer. Short explanations that may help to understand the question or statement.
This is for study purposes only….not an assignment to turn in. Therefore, no format is necessary. Only information that will lead to an understanding of the statement or question.
****I have a trouble interpreting ABG…..please include a detailed explanation that makes interpretation easier****…Thank you Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Asthma Essay
39.Be familiar with the signs/symptoms and therapy for asthma.
40.Know what pathophysiologic factors increase respiratory rate.
41.Know how to interpret an arterial blood gas.
42.Know the ABGs for metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, and respiratory acidosis.
43.Know the causes of respiratory acidosis.
44.Be able to explain COPD and stepwise therapy (additions to current COPD medications) in its treatment.
45.Know the cause for infant weight loss in the early postnatal period.
46.Be able to explain hypoxemia at altitude (reduced oxygen inspiration).
47.Discuss how pulmonary arterial hypertension is associated with right ventricular hypertrophy and an enlarged pulmonary artery.
48.Be able to explain fluid and electrolyte disorders.
49.Know the laboratory values of magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
50.Be able to explain how aldosterone affects sodium and water.
51.Know the mechanism of action of each diuretic class.
52.Know the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
53.Be able to explain the relationship between edema and oncotic pressure.
54.Be able to differentiate corticosteroids by potencies, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics.
55.Be able to explain how angiotensin affects the cardiovascular system.
56.Know the unique pharmacokinetics of amiodarone.
57.Amiodarone can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
58.Know what drugs are used for angina: beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), nitrates, calcium channel blockers (CCBs).
59.Remember that many heart failure patients have more than just heart failure; look for underlying hypertension, angina, etc. Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Asthma Essay
60.Be able to describe how electrolyte serum levels affect digoxin serum levels.
61.Know how hyperkalemia is caused by renal failure and Addison’s disease.
62.Know how to treat hypercalcemia with calcitonin and pamidronate (nitrogen containing bisphosphonate).
63.What is compensatory hyperplasia?
64.What are the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
65.An NSAID safe for use in CAD patients is naproxen.
66.NSAIDs can cause GI bleeding (indicated by darkening of stools and epigastric pain); one recommendation is switch to a COX-2 inhibitor (i.e., celecoxib).
67.Corticosteroids include glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone) and mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone).
68.Patients on corticosteroids should be monitored for changes in skin, muscle wasting, blood pressure, weight gain, blood glucose and vitamin D levels, and any vision changes.
69. What are the side effects of diphenhydramine?
70. Understand the advantage of second-generation antihistamines like loratadine.
71.Know how long after ingestion it takes dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) to prevent motion sickness.
72.Patients with a history of kidney stones should avoid products containing calcium.
73.Know the factors predisposing individuals to antibiotic resistance.
74.Fluoroquinolones have a boxed warning for tendon rupture.
75.Know the predisposing factors for pseudomembranous colitis.
76.Chronic pain is pain not due to cancer or a recognized medical condition lasting more than 3-6 months.
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For his case, I will assess whether his stress can be treated by communication through medications and other regimens, which will bring hi lasting results(Ouellette et al., 2017). I will also use my expert skills to assess whether MR has other stress symptoms such as breathing difficulty and crushing chest. The main goal here is to ensure that I provide the best care for the patient and be sensitive to his ethnicity and cultural practices and beliefs, geographic locations, and socioeconomic conditions(Celik et al., 2018). Understanding the patient’s cultural beliefs and how they will impact the cause of treatment is the priority for a healthcare provider. Therefore, I will evaluate the patient’s health literacy before getting him to any treatment plan. Literacy means knowing how much the patient (MR) knows about anxiety and how to find the best treatment for his condition. Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Asthma Essay
Develop Five Target Questions You Would Ask the Patient to Build His or Her Health History
- When did you start experiencing the symptoms of anxiety?
- Can you explain the anxiety symptoms you feel in detail?
- Do you have anyone in your family with the same issues or who has a problem with alcoholism and hypertension?
- What have you previously been using to treat anxiety?
- Is there any ethnic issue that could be contributing to your anxiety feelings?
Know What Pathophysiologic Factors Increase Respiratory Rate
A deviation from normal respiratory rate is a common clinical symptom of diseased diseases. These situations induce changes in the previously described feedback categories, and the ensuing respiratory rate or volume change represents an adjustment to the illness state. Metabolic acidosis causes an increase in tidal volume, whereas metabolic alkalosis causes a decrease in respiratory rate (Ouellette et al., 2017). Rapid breathing is caused by interstitial disorders that alter the mechanical input to the respiratory center. Congestive heart failure stimulates J-receptors in the same way that congestive heart failure does, using the exact mechanism. An increase in intracranial pressure, such as in a patient with head trauma or discomfort in a patient with a rib fracture, might affect higher cortical centers, resulting in an increased respiration rate (Celik et al., 2018). An individual who has used CNS depressive drugs will experience the reverse effect on higher centers.
The Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
The lungs normally take in oxygen and expel CO2. Oxygen travels from the lungs to the bloodstream, whereas CO2 travels the other way to be expelled as waste. However, the lungs may be unable to extract enough CO2. This could be caused by a reduction in respiratory rate or air movement as a result of an underlying ailment such as:
- Asthma
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Sleep Apnea
- Pneumonia
- Circumstances that alter the rate at which you breathe
- Muscle weakness makes it difficult to breathe or take a deep breath.
- Airways that are clogged (Due To Choking Or Other Causes)
- Overuse of medicines that impact the central nervous system, such as Opioids.
Discuss How Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Is Associated With Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and an Enlarged Pulmonary Artery
In pulmonary arterial hypertension, the right ventricle (RV) is the most important indicator of functional condition and prognosis (PAH). RV hypertrophy (RVH) is a compensatory response to pressure overload, although it frequently leads to RV failure (Ouellette et al., 2017). Despite having similar RV afterload and mass, some individuals develop adaptive RVH (concentric with preserved RV function), whereas others develop maladaptive RVH (dilation, fibrosis, and RV failure). Although it is difficult to distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive RVH, adaptive RVH is linked to improved functional capacity and survival (Captari et al., 2018). Maladaptive RVH shows more impairment of angiogenesis, adrenergic signaling, and metabolism at the molecular level than adaptive RVH, and these derangements frequently include the left ventricle. Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Asthma Essay
Conclusion
In conclusion, my patient is a 23 yo Native American male with a drinking and smoking pot problem and experiences a lot of anxiety (Celik et al., 2018). MR visited the facility for help, and he requires t get the best treatment for his condition (Captari et al., 2018). Therefore, I took his health history and evaluated his condition by asking critical questions that would help build a profound treatment plan. In my research, I have found that the Native Americans are spiritual people, and before considering any medical assistance from professional physicians, they first practice traditional medicine (Ouellette et al., 2017). Therefore, I will first ask if MR has any prior medications helping him with this anxiety. To ensure that he gets the relevant help, I will use the SOAP method to collect subjective data from the chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, psychosocial history, and review physical examination, lab data, differential diagnosis, and finally treatment plan. Once I examine MR’s condition and his history, I may prescribe him some antianxiety medications to relieve him from the pressure.
References
Captari, L. E., Hook, J. N., Hoyt, W., Davis, D. E., McElroy‐Heltzel, S. E., & Worthington Jr, E.L. (2018). Integrating clients’ religion and spirituality within psychotherapy: A comprehensive meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 1938-1951.DOI:10.1002/jclp.22681
Celik, F., &Edipoglu, I. S. (2018). Evaluation of preoperative anxiety and fear of anesthesia using APAIS score. European Journal Of Medical Research, 23(1), 1-10.doi: 10.1186/s40001-018-0339-4
Ouellette, D. R., & Lavoie, K. L. (2017). Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of cognitive and psychiatric disorders in patients with COPD. International Journal Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 12, 639. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S123994 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Asthma Essay
