Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion
Heart disease is the leading cause of preventable deaths and other adverse health effects, including disability-adjusted life (DALYs), prolonged hospitalization, increased care costs, and compromised quality of life. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2022), one person dies every 36 seconds due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the United States. About 659000 Americans die from heart disease every year, representing one-quarter of all deaths. Further, cardiovascular diseases inflict an economic burden on patients, families, and the government. For instance, the CDC (2022) states that the financial burden of tackling CVDs was about $363 billion from 2016 to 2017. Such a financial burden accounted for health services, treatment regimens, and the value of lost productivity due to CVDs-related deaths. While heart disease is a massive health concern, this final Care coordination plan expounds on patient-centered interventions for addressing the disease, considers ethical and policy implications of care coordination, and identifies community resources necessary for facilitating personalized interventions. Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion
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Patient-centered Interventions for Preventing and Managing Heart Disease
Understanding risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is a profound strategy for developing individualized and recipient-centered interventions. According to CDC (2021), physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, and smoking are the primary risk factors for heart disease. These issues facilitate or trigger various heart conditions, including affecting the blood flow to the heart and high blood cholesterol.
Physical Inactivity
Limited physical activity and the inability to take regular physical activities can alter body metabolism by leading to inconsistent energy intake and consumption. Lippi et al. (2020) argue that the kaleidoscope of unfavorable metabolic effects resulting from limited physical activity increases the risk of many severe and disabling conditions, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. It is possible to address this problem by creating opportunities for physical activities and involving patients in regular exercise sessions. For instance, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020) recommends 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, including brisk walking and bicycling, every week for adults Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion.
Smoking
Cigarette smoking and tobacco product use represent a primary risk of cardiovascular diseases due to their effects on endothelial cells in heart structures. According to Gallucci et al. (2020), exposure to active smoking and secondhand smoke elicit oxidative processes that affect platelet function, fibrinolysis, inflammation, and vasomotor functions. Also, smoking can increase the risk of blood clots that plague and block blood vessels. Such factors lead to coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Notably, it is possible to address smoking as a risk factor for CVDs by assisting tobacco users in quitting by implementing smoking cessation initiatives. Also, it is essential to encourage preventive behaviors by educating people about the potential consequences of cigarette smoking and tobacco product use Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion.
Obesity and Overweight
Besides smoking and limited physical activity, obesity and overweight are primary risk factors for heart disease. Excessive fat accumulation and blood cholesterol can block blood vessels, leading to stroke and other CVDs. Cercato & Fonseca (2019) argue that obesity and increased adipose tissue influence the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by perpetuating inflammatory conditions and creating metabolic complications. Healthcare professionals can assist obese and overweight people in preventing and managing CVDs by providing access to cholesterol and weight screening services, educating people about healthy diet habits and plans, and emphasizing the CDC’s recommendations for the minimum time for physical exercise Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion.
Community Resources for these Interventions
People grappling with various risk factors for CVDs, including cigarette smoking, obesity, and limited physical activity, can access community resources to bolster their knowledge of self-care and access information regarding evidence-based practice for improving health. For instance, community-based health organizations such as hospitals, specialist offices, and social support systems can provide much-sought-after details and guidance regarding appropriate approaches for enhancing physical activeness, quitting smoking, and maintaining healthy body weights. Equally, national organizations such as the American Heart Association (AHA), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide credible information on evidence-based practices for addressing risk factors for CVDs. These organizations provide guidelines, helplines, and online-based programs that enable people to participate in smoking cessation initiatives, self-monitored physical exercises, and healthy diet plans. As a result, they are ideal resources for preventing and managing heart disease. Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion
Ethical Decisions and Policy Implications to Care Coordination and Continuum
During development of a preliminary care coordination plan for heart disease, participants highlighted various assumptions and opinions that presented areas of uncertainty. For instance, some participants indicated that smoking cessation would affect their bodies and alter their stress management interventions. On the other hand, others feared that participating in physical activities would increase their susceptibility to falls and pain. Arguably, these opinions presented ethical dilemmas that rely upon interpreting the prima facie obligations of healthcare professionals. Kemparaj & Kadalur (2018) argue that care providers are responsible for adhering to the four bioethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. The ethical questions regarding the safety and the perceived benefits of conducting education programs for a healthy diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation are uncertain because my decisions may conflict with participants’ opinions and assumptions.
Equally, incorporating policy provisions in the care coordination plan is a profound strategy for enhancing effective care coordination and promoting care continuity. Although various national policies influence care coordination, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 remains significant in determining the trajectories of coordinated care. For instance, its Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion provision requires healthcare organizations to coordinate care and prevent avoidable readmissions through proper discharge planning and interdisciplinary collaboration. According to Psotka et al. (2019), the goal of HRRP is to institute accountability and stimulate care quality and coordination, especially during care transitions, to prevent avoidable readmissions emanating from diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Heart Failure (HF), pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and coronary artery bypass graft. Healthcare organizations should improve care coordination to avoid fines and penalties from failure to prevent avoidable readmissions.
Priorities for Care Coordinators
Care coordination entails deliberate actions for organizing care activities and collaborating with healthcare stakeholders by sharing information and knowledge consistent with the determination to achieve safer and more convenient care. According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ, 2018), care coordination encompasses components such as teamwork, patient-centered care, case management, effective communication, and the creation of a proactive care plan. In this sense, care coordinators for improving the health of persons with heart disease should prioritize interpersonal collaboration, patient engagement in decisions and care activities, and timely follow-up activities. These aspects intend to promote patient safety and address conditions that compromise their quality of life (QoL)Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion.
Education Sessions and Healthy People 2030 Objectives
During the development of a preliminary care coordination plan for heart disease, the participants agreed to participate in educational sessions that will focus on diets, weight management, and the consequences of cigarette smoking. The objectives of these educational sessions include enhancing the prospect of self-care, promoting preventive behaviors, and creating awareness of appropriate management interventions. These objectives and goals align with Healthy People 2030 recommendations for preventing and managing heart disease and its risks factors. For instance, Healthy People 2030 targets to reduce coronary heart disease deaths by setting an achievable benchmark of 71.1 deaths per 100000 people (Healthy People 2030, n.d). Further, Healthy People 2030 aims at achieving a target of 33.4 deaths per 10000 people regarding stroke-related mortalities. Other objectives for preventing heart disease include enhancing increased control over high blood pressure among adults, increasing cholesterol treatment in adults, and reducing heart failure hospitalizations. Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion
Conclusion
This final care coordination plan rationale for preventing heart disease by implementing evidence-based practices that target causative and contributing factors. Also, it elaborates on ethical questions and policy contributions to care coordination. It is essential to note that cigarette smoking, obesity and overweight, and limited access to physical activity opportunities are the leading causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as stroke, heart failure, and hypertension. Therefore, educating the target population about practical weight management interventions and approaches for smoking cessation are proven strategies to eliminate the risk for CVDs. Also, adhering to the CDC’s recommendations for physical exercise is ideal in enabling people to manage weight and encourage preventive behaviors. Therefore, this care coordination plan is consistent with ethical obligations and policy considerations that anchor care coordination. Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2018, August). Care Coordination. https://www.ahrq.gov/ncepcr/care/coordination.html
CDC. (2020, April 21). Preventing heart disease. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/prevention.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, September 27). About heart disease. Retrieved March 22, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/about.htm Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, February 7). Heart disease facts. Retrieved March 22, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
Cercato, C., & Fonseca, F. A. (2019). Cardiovascular risk and obesity. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 11(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-019-0468-0
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Gallucci, G., Tartarone, A., Lerose, R., Lalinga, A. V., & Capobianco, A. M. (2020). Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 12(7), 3866–3876. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2020.02.47
healthy people 2030. (n.d). Heart disease and stroke. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/heart-disease-and-stroke
Kemparaj, V. M., & Kadalur, U. G. (2018). Understanding the principles of ethics in health care: A systematic analysis of qualitative information. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(3), 822–828. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180738
Lippi, G., Henry, B. M., & Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2020). Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease at the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27(9), 906–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487320916823
Psotka, M. A., Fonarow, G. C., Allen, L. A., Joynt Maddox, K. E., Fiuzat, M., Heidenreich, P., Hernandez, A. F., Konstam, M. A., Yancy, C. W., & O’Connor, C. M. (2019). The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program. JACC: Heart Failure, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2019.07.012 Final Care Coordination Plan For Heart Disease Discussion
