Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation

Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation

Health assessment is vital in determining patients’ needs and addressing them as they arise. It also helps care providers to provide specific and effective care to individuals, help them correct ineffective behaviors, and increase life quality. Understanding disease risk factors also allow healthcare providers to tailor interventions that target the risks to minimize them and prevent diseases. Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally, and coronary artery disease is the most common. This paper analyzes contemporary issues in coronary artery disease management Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation.

PLACE YOUR ORDER HERE NOW

Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

Deborah is exposed to various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for CHD. Her LDLs are low, her HDL is significantly high, and her total cholesterol is moderately elevated. High cholesterol, high LDLs, and low HDLs are risk factors for developing coronary heart disease. According to Geovanini and Libby (2018), atherosclerosis is caused by plaque resulting from fat accumulation in the blood vessels and is the leading cause of coronary heart disease. Smoking and being overweight are also risk factors exposing Deborah to CHD. Smoking contributes to plaque formation and propagation (DiGiacomo et al., 2019)Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation. The primary concern in being overweight is its effects on physical activity and lipid levels. From the information presented, she has a positive family history of heart disease with a first-degree relative (father), which predisposes her to heart disease. These risks can be modifiable to prevent her from developing CHD.

Diet Modification and HDLs and LDLs Levels

Heart disease can be prevented through the manipulation of modifiable risk factors. Lifestyle modification interventions such as managing weight, dieting, and exercising. High lipid levels are an indicator of poorly regulated weight and poor dieting. Meng et al. (2020) explain that lipids are vital for virtually many body processes, cell structures, and the transport of various substances such as hormones. Some diets are rich in HDLs, while others are rich in LDLs. LDLs increase the risk for atherosclerosis that occurs with the deposition of lipids in arteries (plague), a leading cause of coronary artery disease (Geovanini & Libby, 2018). Plague builds up in arteries over time, and HDLs are termed the ‘good’ lipids due to their ability to dislodge LDLs and transport them to the liver for metabolism (Meng et al., 2020)Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation. HDLs and LDLs are sourced from dietary sources. The body also converts excess carbohydrates into LDLs, thus increasing the risk for CHD. Taking the recommended sugar and white carbohydrates lower LDLs in the body. Other foods such as fiber-rich foods, whole grains, and cut fruits are also effective in reducing the LDLs and increasing HDLs.

Most clients have a decreased understanding of the effects of different foods on lipids and their significance to health. Strict diet modification targeting foods that lower LDLs and increase HDLs are thus integral. Dieting is the most immediate method of lipid regulation. Hence, a dietician will help Deborah strictly plan her diet to lower LDLs, raise HDLs and minimize the risk for cardiovascular disease.

Smoking and Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation

Atherosclerosis is plaque formation from deposits of calcium, cellular waste, cholesterols, and other fatty substances on the walls of blood vessels, especially in huge and medium-sized arteries. Damage to the endothelial layer of the blood vessels and subsequent inflammation is usually the beginning of plague development (Geovanini & Libby, 2018). As mentioned earlier, plague development is mainly dependent on the levels of HDLs and LDLs. Smoking decreases HDLs levels and raises LDLs levels, thus increasing the risk for plague development. Smoke from cigarettes contains high chemicals such as carbon monoxide and nicotine.

According to DiGiacomo et al. (2019), these smoke substances are potentially corrosive and destroy the endothelium of blood vessels. The destruction of the endothelium initiates the plague formation process. Smoking causes aggravation of underlying hypertension in hypertensive patients, worsening their health state. Quitting smoking is an effective way of minimizing the risk after five to fifteen years after quitting smoking. Deborah can opt for exercises, seek social support, and garner a support group or counselor after applying the quitting strategies (DiGiacomo et al., 2019)Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation. These interventions are vital in managing the stress associated with quitting smoking.

Effects of Exercise on the Lipid Profile

Individuals do not require high amounts of fats diets for fat to accumulate in the body. After individuals take in large carbohydrate diets, they are broken down and utilized to produce energy for activities of daily living. The excess is converted to fats in the liver and stored. Exercises prevent the storage of excess fat by utilizing it in muscle activity. Kim et al. (2019) state that exercises also increase the release of stored fats, majorly LDLs in the liver, increasing their breakdown, thus lowering their levels. Lowering fat stores also reduces body weight, another leap towards health. The mechanisms through which exercises affect HDL levels are not well understood, and some scientists associate it with the notable Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity (Muscella et al., 2020)Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation.

Studies show that regular exercise lower triglycerides in the body by 30 to 40% (Kim et al., 2019). The decrease can be associated with the change in lipoprotein activity that digests triglycerides. LPL activity in exercises significantly increases, and HDL levels rise by 5-8mg/dl (Kim et al., 2019). Exercises also lower the overall cholesterol levels and maintain a healthy weight. Thus, exercises would significantly affect Deborah’s lipid profile. Besides the effects on cholesterol, exercises improve the health of organs such as the heart and lungs and are thus integral to improving the individual’s overall health and should be utilized.

Macrophages in the Formation of Atherosclerotic Plaques

Macrophages play a vital role in the development of plague. Macrophages are crucial in initiating and sustaining inflammation, while activated macrophages are essential in inflammation resolution. When the endothelium is damaged, macrophages initiate an inflammation response. Geovanini and Libby (2018) state that macrophages are plastic and hasten plague deposition by interfering with the surface of the endothelium. Macrophages also promote thrombosis, and thrombi trap fats and other debris that form plague. The mechanism of action of macrophages is complex. Activated macrophages are involved in active plague resolution, another complicated process.

High Sensitivity C-reactive protein is a protein marker, and hs-CRP tests are used to detect ‘stress’ in organs from infection, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and others. Elevated hs-CRP indicates systemic inflammation, and inflammation is the initiation phase of plague development (Tan et al., 2020). They are majorly used to detect cardiac-related inflammatory disorders. According to existing evidence, elevated hs-CRP in healthy individuals shows a four-fold risk of developing coronary heart disease (Tan et al., 2020). High CRP levels indicate underlying disorders such as cardiac inflammation or malfunction. They alert individuals on the need to address other factors, and interventions to lower the levels may not be effective in promoting cardiovascular health.

References

DiGiacomo, S. I., Jazayeri, M. A., Barua, R. S., & Ambrose, J. A. (2019). Environmental tobacco smoke and cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010096

Geovanini, G. R., & Libby, P. (2018). Atherosclerosis and inflammation: overview and updates. Clinical Science, 132(12), 1243-1252. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20180306

Kim, K. B., Kim, K., Kim, C., Kang, S. J., Kim, H. J., Yoon, S., & Shin, Y. A. (2019). Effects of exercise on the body composition and lipid profile of individuals with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 28(4), 278. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes.2019.28.4.278

Meng, H., Zhu, L., Kord-Varkaneh, H., Santos, H. O., Tinsley, G. M., & Fu, P. (2020). Effects of intermittent fasting and energy-restricted diets on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition, 77, 110801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.110801

Muscella, A., Stefano, E., & Marsigliante, S. (2020). The effects of exercise training on lipid metabolism and coronary heart disease. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 319(1), H76-H88. https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0171

Tan, Z., Li, L., Ma, Y., & Geng, X. (2019). Clinical significance of cys-C and hs-CRP in coronary heart disease patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery, 34(1), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0171

Select one of the case studies below for your assignment. In your discussion, be sure to apply knowledge of the physiologic alterations in bodily systems in response to disease processes

Case Study Assignment Requirements

1. Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.
2. Cite at least three references in your case study paper; this may include peer-reviewed journal articles, textbooks, or evidence-based practice websites to support the content.
3. All reference sources must be within 5 years.
4. Do not use sources such as Wikipedia or UpToDate as a reference.
5. Assignments must have at least four full pages of analytic content, double-spaced (the cover and reference pages do not count in the page count, but must be included with the assignment)Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation, and follow APA 7th edition format.

Case Study 4: Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

Deborah is 56 years old, smokes a half a pack of cigarettes a day, and is overweight. Her friend wants her to come to a local women’s fitness class she attends once a week. She knows Deborah’s dad had died of an acute myocardial infarction when he was 56, and she fears, seeing Deborah’s lifestyle, the same fate awaits her friend. What she did not know was that Deborah had also been to her doctor for her annual physical where she was told her LDLs were 180 mg/dL, HDLs were 36 mg/dL, and cholesterol was 239 mg/dL.

1. What are Deborah’s known risk factors for coronary heart disease?
2. Deborah’s doctor referred her to a dietician for strict dietary therapy, hoping the intervention would raise her HDL and lower her LDL and cholesterol levels. Why is diet modification necessary to control and moderate the lipids indicated?
3. Deborah’s doctor also gave her pamphlets describing strategies to stop smoking and a list of exercise ideas she might want to try. How is smoking thought to contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation? Why would exercise have a positive effect on Deborah’s lipid profile?
4. Atherosclerosis is thought to be an inflammatory disorder. What is the role of macrophages in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques? What is the significance of elevated serum hs-CRP levels in at-risk individuals? Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation
   

   ORDER HERE NOW

Before finalizing your work, it is important to:

• Review Case Study Assignment Requirements (described above) and the Case Study Assignment Grading Rubric (under the Course Resources), to ensure you have completed all required elements of the assignment.
• Make sure to review your chosen case study carefully to make sure you have effectively answered all questions asked.
• Utilize spelling and grammar checks to minimize errors.
• Follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.).
• Make sure your assignment is original, insightful, and utilizes your logic and critical thinking skills; that your assignment is well-organized, with superior content, style, and mechanics.
• Utilize APA 7th Edition format.
• Be diligent about APA formatting including paraphrasing and direct quotations, utilizing appropriate in-text citations, and referencing your sources Case Study Disorders Of Blood Flow And Blood Pressure Regulation